June 23, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

What role does Internet have in pricing? Till what extent it can help to boost competition and plummet prices? What kind of services and products are going to be mainly affected?

Let me start with two examples:

1. Purchasing a tv

You want to get a new tv. You don´t have any idea about tvs. You only have an approximate idea of budget and functionality but nothing else. What would be the purchasing process?
15 years ago you would have gone straight to the store, speak to the specialist (the salesperson) and, if he is smart enough, get what he is recommending to you.
Nowadays, the situation is likely to be quite different. Before going to the store you are surely going to do a Google, check some product reviews and price comparisons, wander thru some blogs to see what people think, and finally gain some criteria about the tv. After that you might decide to get it online, or go to specific recommended stores. In this case, the salesperson is to have a say, but your decision will be more founded and based in your own criteria.

internet-interconexion-atlantico.gif

2. Going to the vet to get your pet checked

Something is going wrong with your pet. He is behaving in a strange way and sleeps more than usual.
15 years ago you would go straight to the vet and do exactly what the veterinarian tells you to do (an analysis, pills, special treatment or whatever he recommends). It seems to be reasonable for he is the expert and you do not have any idea.
Nowadays, the process is very likely to be pretty similar. You might check the web and get some info, but you will never be able to make up your mind about what to do. There are many possible explanations for the symptoms experienced by your pet and you do not want to take any risk at all!

As a consequence, you are able to change your mind in the first case but not in the second one. The main explanation for this is that Internet has helped to eliminate (or reduce significantly) the Assymetric Information that you and the salesperson have in the case of the tv, but not in the case of the service.

Assymetric Information is to be defined as the difference in information that the purchaser and seller have. The more Assymetryc Information you experience, the more selling power the seller have. And the more selling power he has, the more likely you are of not getting a good deal, not getting the right stuff, and paying a non-fair price for the transaction.

Internet helps you in other words to make a criteria about something, by providing transparency of variety, prices, functionality and supply. Which eventually results in a sharp drop in prices.

Does it have the same effect on every single service or item? Not necessarily. Assuming a minimum price (you are not to compare for instance the price of tea in two stores), the more homogeneous the products are, the higher the effect will be. This is also true for products and services where the added value granted by the distribution is limited.

prices down.gif

The latter also applies to the product and services that are mainly sold through Internet currently and in the future. Thus products like books and trips are and will be more and more sold through Internet; while heterogeneous services or products that require and big amount of support, are likely to be sold through traditional channels.

To sum up, Internet is to plummet prices in products easy to compare + where little added value given by distribution is given. Maybe it is good time to think where your products + distribution are.

God Bless Internet!

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo

PS: For more detailed examples about Assymetric Information check a book called Freakonomics by S.D.Levitt + S.J Dubner.


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   June 15, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Imagina un mercado que tú mismo has creado. Mercado fundamentalmente dirigido al género masculino, en el que se te asocia con innovación, y en el que no puedes dejar de presentar novedades para estimular la demanda. Bienvenido al mundo Gillette.

Gillette ha dominado desde tiempos inmemoriales el mercado de las maquinillas desechables, desde que se le ocurrió la brillante idea de reemplazar las maquinillas de usar y tirar por las recambiables. Desde entonces ha utilizado una estrategia de lanzamiento continuo de modelos, que le han servido para seguir poniendo tierra (o más bien kilómetros) con sus competidores , a la vez que reforzaba su posicionamiento innovador y dinamizaba el mercado.

Gillette_Logo_Blue.gif

El resultado han sido maquinillas cada vez más sofisticadas (con recambios cada vez más caros), que otorgaban una calidad todavía superior al afeitado. Estrategia que ha funcionado muy bien, al presentar la novedad grandes y valoradas mejoras sobre su antecesora.

Hará aproximadamente un año – año y medio, lanzaron la última novedad: Gillette Fusion que, entre otras cosas, incorporaba la supernovedad de incluir 7 cuchillas. La estrategia era simple: Lanzamiento masivo de la nueva maquinilla, publicidad por doquier y retorno asegurado al fidelizar todavía más al usuario y vender los recambios más caros. Lo que no se esperaban es lo que ha pasado, que es el gran enemigo no está entre su Competencia, sino entre su portfolio: Gillette Sensor. Esto es, más que posiblemente se estén encontrando con que gran parte de los usuarios de Gillette Sensor se nieguen a comprar la nueva, con todo lo que implica en términos de posicionamiento, riesgo competitivo y rentabilidad. Las explicaciones de seguro las tendrá Gillette, pero entre otras, estoy seguro que se encuentra el que se perciba a Sensor como una maquinilla con relación calidad – precio superior a la nueva.

¿Qué hacer ante tan atípica situación?

Gillette está escribiendo un libro sobre qué hacer. De entrada, centrar todas y cada una de las comunicaciones en Fusion, poniendo el énfasis en una comparación directa (e injusta?) entre las dos. De muestra dos acciones de comunicación:

1. Campaña de televisión donde se comparan ambas y se deja 100% claro la superioridad de Fusion (no la he podido encontrar en la web; si alguien lo hace que por favor la cuelgue).

2. Ningunear a Sensor en la web. Id por ejemplo a www.gillette.com (el dominio .es no está habilitado) y se os redirigirá a una web exclusiva de Fusion. La única manera de encontrar a Sensor es accediendo a una comparativa donde queda claro quién es quién.

GILLETTE FAMILY.jpg

¿Será suficiente para cambiar hábitos de uso? Veremos. De momento, y como gran admirador de Sensor, seguiré comprando los recambios de ésta mientras los siga encontrando en las tiendas o no bajen los precios de los recambios de Fusion (que es donde está la rentabilidad). El tiempo dirá si la comunicación ha sido suficiente, o si tienen que hacer algo en la línea de lo que apunto.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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Posted on 15 June 2008 in Product Management, Pricing, Branding | Permalink | Comments (2)

   June 06, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

El otro día al volar a Ámsterdam con KLM me encontré en una situación curiosa: Al pedir a la azafata de turno que por favor me diese una salida de emergencia, me espetó algo inesperado “Si quiere salida de emergencia, tiene que pagar 50€ más”.

Exactamente lo mismo me pasó al tratar de entrar en la Sala VIP de KLMcon mi mujer: Se me explicó que mi tarjeta me permitía entrar pero a mi mujer no. Por lo que si quería que entrase, tenía que pagar el importe correspondiente…

klm logo.jpg

Si uno lo piensa fríamente es perfectamente lógico: Estoy pidiendo algo extra, por lo que es razonable que me cobren algo más. Claro que estoy seguro que más de uno se asombrará y molestará ante algo así, sobre todo si le han hecho el “favor” gratuito previamente…

Lo anterior me lleva a plantearme dos preguntas:

1. ¿Hasta qué punto debemos cobrar por todo, favores incluidos?
2. ¿Cómo de rígidos tenemos que ser en la implantación de estas políticas?

¿Cobrar por todo?

Más que cobrar por todo, creo que se debe poner precio a todo. Esto es, cada servicio o producto que ofrezcamos (quitando por supuesto nimiedades como puede ser dar un vaso de agua a un pasajero), tiene que estar valorado económicamente (o sea tener un precio), y que el consumidor sea consciente de ello.

Otra cosa es que cobremos o no por dichos servicios, lo que dependerá por supuesto del tipo de servicio que se venda, así como del tipo de cliente con el que estemos hablando. En esta línea, parece tener todo el sentido poner precio a “favores” como que te den salida de emergencia y te dejen entrar acompañado en la Sala VIP, y que lo dejes de cobrar a clientes que viajen en Business.

Lo anterior es básico también para poder potenciar herramientas de discriminación de tus clientes, y darles un trato diferencial de acuerdo a su categoría (no vamos a tratar y cobrar lo mismo a un pasajero normal versus a un platinum). Sirviendo de paso el precio del servicio, para que el cliente valore lo que le estamos dando.

cadena favores.jpg

¿Cómo implementarlo?

El poner precios y fijar unas políticas que se cumplan a rajatabla, va a ayudar por otro lado a incrementar la consistencia del servicio, atributo que a la larga resulta fundamental. Volviendo a mis ejemplos de aerolíneas, no hay cosa que frustre más que el que te cobren o no por unos kilos de más por el equipaje, en función del talante y día de la persona que te atienda. Frustración que sin duda podemos evitar, si dejamos claras las políticas y las aplicamos con consistencia e independencia de la persona que te de el servicio.

Como anécdota (seguro que me llueven críticas ;o) ), señalar por experiencia que en culturas latinas somos más laxos en la aplicación estricta de las políticas de clientes, mientras que en culturas anglosajonas y centroeuropeas se van al extremo contrario. Hecho que como digo debiera ser independiente de la cultura en que se aplica…

En definitiva, no estoy tanto a favor de cobrar por todo o por nada, pero sí de poner precio a todo, hacérselo saber al cliente, discriminar en función de la valía de éste, y ser siempre consistente la prestación del servicio. Creo que todo esto ayudará a que el cliente tenga claridad de expectativas, sepa lo que le vamos a cobrar por cada servicio (y favores), y lo valore si es que decidimos regalárselo promocional o permanentemente.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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   June 02, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Empiezo aclarando que me meto en un terreno extremadamente complejo, y sin una solución. Lo que adjunto son una serie de reflexiones que considero relevantes para un momento difícil como el actual, en el que empezamos a entrar en una crisis económica y en el que la sensibilidad al gasto y al pricing se exacerba.

HomerApple.jpg

Dicho lo anterior entro en materia:

Ante todo, Marketing Inteligente. Llamo Marketing Inteligente a un marketing que no incurra en el cortoplacismo, que no caiga en quick wins insostenibles, que no busque vender a cualquier precio, que no destine todo el presupuesto de comunicación a promoción de ventas entre otras cosas. En definitiva, un Marketing que no pierda de vista al cliente y las palancas clave de diferenciación y crecimiento en el corto, medio y largo plazo.

Detectar y aprovechar oportunidades. Con la crisis puede venir un cambio de percepciones y una mayor sensibilidad al precio. Lo que puede suponer un grave problema para marcas Premium mal gestionadas (no hay mejor ejemplo que Starbucks), pero también una gran oportunidad para productos y servicios con una buena relación calidad – precio (siguiendo el mismo ejemplo, Dunkin Donuts en USA).

Cuidar la Marca. La Marca es un activo con un valor concreto a medio y largo plazo, y un determinado posicionamiento. No podemos perderlo de vista y, en vista de las circunstancias, tratar de modificarlo al coste que sea. Nike podría por ejemplo decidir bajar sus precios un 30% para lograr sus objetivos de ventas, pero esto destrozaría su imagen de marca y posicionamiento Premium a medio y largo plazo.

DESCUENTO 50%.jpg

Gestionar adecuadamente el Pricing. Que la gente se vuelva más sensible al precio no quiere decir que tenga que ser la única variable que tengas que modificar. Soy un firme convencido de que el precio es la última variable a tocar, y la época de crisis no debe ser una excepción. Ahora, si nos vemos abocados a hacerlo (puede que no nos quede otra), tratemos de hacer bajadas reversibles a través de promociones (pues son temporales) o acciones que incrementen el value for money (como son los bundles).

Optimizar la gestión del portfolio de productos y servicios. El cambio de preferencias lo podemos manejar a través del portfolio. Gestionarlo adecuadamente puede ser una solución adecuada para manejar la coyuntura, potenciando aquellos productos que mejor se ajusten a lo que busque el cliente. Así por ejemplo los formatos extra-grandes (que suelen tener aparejado un menor coste relativo), pueden ser una opción a potenciar. Por otro lado (aunque hay que hacerlo con mucho cuidado), podemos tratar de potenciar aquellos servicios de coste oculto, de cara a recuperar parte de la caída de ventas que estemos experimentando.

Buscar una Comunicación selectiva. Está claro que en un momento de crisis tenemos que ser más cautos con el presupuesto de comunicación. Más cautos supone restringir el mismo (que no suprimirlo) + destinar una parte Trade Marketing + promociones de punto de venta (no todo!) + ser muy selectivo. Es el momento de focalizarnos en campañas core y buscar medios eficientes (más que efectivos) de comunicación. Es por ejemplo un gran momento para potenciar Medios Digitales, por la gran efectividad y coste – beneficio que ofrecen.

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Dar paso a la Innovación y el Think Different!!! Los dos siempre tienen que estar presentes. Pero un momento como el descrito puede ser especialmente favorable para ambas. Podemos en esta línea pensar en nuevos target groups, nuevos productos nuevos canales de comercialización e incluso nuevos medios de comunicación. Por supuesto que de forma controlada, pero puede ser una gran momento para experimentar.

No olvidar al Cliente. Lo dejo el último pero siempre debe ser lo primero. Como sea, tenemos que mantener su satisfacción dentro de niveles razonables (razonables, que no óptimos) y mantener una comunicación bidireccional con él. Bajo ningún concepto nos podemos olvidar de él. Nuestra relación con él lo es todo.

Esto es lo que me ha venido a la mente mientras escribía el post. Como siempre, SENTIDO COMUN mientras capeamos el temporal y hacemos una gestión de un presupuesto de Marketing restringido.

Doy paso a vuestros comentarios y sugerencias.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo



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   April 08, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

For being able to write about the Wedding Business you either have to work in the industry or have gone through the marriage process. I have personally gone through the latter recently, so I cannot stop myself from writing about it...

If I would have to summarize the message that the couple (customers) get all the time it would be: Because it is only one time in your life (at least hopefully!). You tend to think so and everybody reinforces the idea, so you eventually get deeply emotionally involved, and jump into an emotional thinking with no space for the normal behaviour and rationality (for sure there are exceptions, but most people fit into it).

This emotional thinking makes you accept things that you would never do under normal conditions, specifically in two areas:

1. Pricing
2. Bundled services

Some months ago I saw a brilliant tv Spanish program. Two actors with a hidden camera went to a catering place. They explained that they were planning to get married in short and would like to get a budget for X people with a Y menu. They got a budget of Z € for it. Some days later, another two actors from the same program and a hidden camera went to the same place. They asked for a budget for a business lunch, with the same meu, locations and number of guests as the former couple and guess what???!!! The budget they got was X/2.

How is this possible? How can they charge you the double if you say you are to get married? Simple: Because it is only once in your life! Or in other words, you are so immersed into an emotional thinking that you just want things to be perfect. So if you find a place you like, you become completely insensitive to price.

Something similar applies to the dress of the bribe. On average you will pay 3.000 € for it in Spain. 3.000€ for a dress you are only going to dress once in your life! If they would ask you if you would do it under normal circumstances, you would certainly say no way. But if you are in a Wedding, the uniqueness of it will make you agree with it.

Funny thing is that not only you become insensitive to pricing, but also take for good bundled services that are not necessarily the best. In normal life you have the freedom to choose your suppliers. You select them according to the price and quality of the service that they offer to you. You might take bundled services, but only upon getting additional benefits such as discounts. And again, no way for them in the Weddings! In most places, you take the place and have to contract as well the rest of the services. You might for instance decide to get married in a nice location. A location that you can only take if you also hire the services of The Catering, The Photographer, The Musician, The Buses, The Video Producer and the XXX that they have an agreement with. Therefore, no choice for the couple. The Location comes with a bunch of services and unless you take the whole package, there is no deal! Unfair, but most people decide to take the whole package.

I could also be writing about other related things such the Wedding Lists and the Honey Moon, but this posting is becoming too long and something should be left for further discussions.

Needless to say that the couple is always free to be rational, but the “Because it is only once in your life” will surely bring the balance to the irrational side.

Think Different!!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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Posted on 8 April 2008 in Pricing, International Marketing | Permalink | Comments (2)

   January 04, 2008   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Yes, you are reading it right: If you want to go for an I-Pod Nano in Blue, Black or Green you have to pay 50€ more. To be more precise, the I-Pod Nano of 4 GB (priced at 139 €) is only available in a boring grey; the cool colors are only available for the I-Pod Nano of 8 GB, priced at 189 € in the color mentioned… You want it Red? Then you have to go the Apple Store where they sell it in exclusivity.

apple nano web.bmp

Apple again is innovating. I am not sure if the promotion will work or not, but it is fair to admit that these guys from Apple never stop thinking different. In particular there are three things that I regard interesting about the promotion:

1.They are pushing the customer at the Stores to get the pricey option for getting the cool colors. Something likely to happen as long as the target group is looking a cool and outstanding gadget.

2. They disregard potential channel conflict and offer an exclusive product variety at their online store. They can do it for they have such a strong demand for the I-Pod that no store can permit himself not to stock one of the hottest presents for Christmas.

3. They are launching a worldwide promotion at Christmas through all their online stores (I have only checked the ones of Spain, USA and Italy, but it looks that it is the same everywhere).

I realized about this the other day when I was going to get one 4GB I-Pod Nano for my Sister at PC City. What was really amazing to me was the Salesperson informed me about the product availability and recommended me to go to the Apple Store if I wanted the red one!

What will be next? I guess that they will launch the 16GB with exclusive cool cases, that will cost you 50€ more than the “old-fashioned” 8 GB.

Think Different!!! (Think Apple!!!!)

Ignacio Gafo


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   December 17, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

The same product costs 41% less in America than in Europe, which is exactly the exchange rate relationship of the Euro with US dollar.

As you can imagine, the price is not published in Euros in USA, so the comparison for the customer would therefore be 399€ vs. 399 US$. Seems to be obvious that Sony has taken advantage of the fluctuation of the exchange rate, but let’s analyze other possible reasons behind this:

ps 3 europa.jpg

1. The first and most likely one is the level of competitiveness in the Videogame Industry, which is much higher in the USA than in Europe. The latter applies both to the suppliers (in USA Microsoft is giving Sony a tough time) and to the retailers (in USA they take lower margins and face much more competition).

2. The second one has to do with the Consumer Profile. As you know the Videogame is a Blade + Razor business where you lose money selling the hardware and get it back through consumables (in this case, the games). So the key is how many videogames you are to sell per customer for it will dictate how much you can lose with the hardware. Again the Americans are behaving differently than Europeans in two respects:

i. Looks that they purchase more games than Europeans.
ii Looks that they get less pirate games than we do in Europe (you can have many games but unless they are original, the manufacturer will not get any money).

3. The third one has to with the product lifecycle. You may question me, but the truth is that the lifecycle is incredibly fast, and that the Playstation 3 was actually launched 7-8 months before in the USA than in Europe. And in that time it could have lost some of its freshness and exclusiveness.

4. And the last one that comes to my mind is related to the way prices are published: In Europe we tend to include the taxes, while in America they exclude them. Thus you have to add to the 399 US$ an approx. 7 % for the taxes (they vary from State to State). Even with them, the difference will be around 34%..

To make matters worse, you do not get exactly the same. You get more in the USA! Take for instance Best Buy, where the 399 US$ Playstation is bundled with a film priced at 30€ (specifically with Spiderman in this store). Smart move by the way, for the cost of the film for Sony (who has the rights of the film) is almost zero.

ps 3 usa.jpg

Isn’t it interesting how small the world has become? I am sure that this has been happening for many years and we didn’t have a chance to know it. God bless Internet!

Thoughts and comments are welcome.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo

PS: If anyone knows what can I do for getting the PS3 in the USA and shipped to Europe, please let me now... ; )


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   November 25, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Hook products have been used for a while. The rationale is simple: You sell an attractive product under its cost, get the customer to your store and get him purchasing other high priced items that will more than offset the money you lose with the promotional one.

It has usually been applied to products. However, it has been extended to the Service Industry, where Midas is. Midas is a car maintenance centre with a fast service and reasonable price positioning.. To foster the demand, they announce attractive promotions for specific services such as oil change.

Attracted by this fantastic price (only 30€!), I brought my car yesterday to get the oil changed. Upon receiving the car they told it would be ready in two hours max. and that they would give a maintenance check for free. And guess what? After one hour and a half they gave me a call and informed me that during the maintenance they had found that two of the wheels + two filters needed to be changed. After being confirmed that I did not have a chance, they went ahead with these unplanned changes.

The total billing accounted for 350€! Not a bad deal for Midas, that got me as a client to change my oil, and had me paying for other pricey and profitable services as well.

Am I going back to Midas? I am not sure about it. I am really scared that next time they will tell me I have to change the other two wheels! Anyway, to give me some piece of mind, they gave me a promotional loyalty card with five free spaces. They put a stamp in one of them and told that after four more visits I will get an oil change for free. Not a bad business for them for, when I go for this oil change, I am sure they will find again something unexpected…

Midas promo.jpg

Looks like they have studied Marketing. However, I am not sure if they will end up having me as a loyal customer.

Thoughts and comments are welcome.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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   November 19, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Os aseguro que si hace 15 años (e incluso hace 10) tenemos una subida de un alimento básico como el pan de un 4,7% en un mes y un 14% en un año, la gente se echa a la calle. Acaba de ser el caso pero nadie se ha quejado. ¿Tanto hemos ha cambiado? ¿Tanto ha cambiado España?

Parece que sí. La situación actual no tiene que ver con la de hace unos años. De hecho yo me tuve que enterar de la subida por un artículo en El País

bread kinds of.jpg

Paso a repasar algunas causas de esta reacción desde un punto de vista de marketing.

1. Subida del precio de la harina. Es la obvia y comentada. El precio de las materias primas ha subido y se ha repercutido en el producto final. Hasta aquí, lo normal y lógico.

2. Cambios en Distribución. Sé que en el caso de la venta de pan, hablamos de una distribución tremendamente atomizada. Sin embargo, ha habido dos grandes cambios en los últimos años que permiten que las subidas se vean encubiertas:

a. Mayor peso de los grandes centros de distribución (hipermercados y supermercados). Donde el pan es un elemento más de la compra, y en el que el pan pasa oculto entre las otras 20-30 cosas que compramos.

b. Auge de las tiendas de conveniencia (convenience stores). Mayoritariamente chinos, donde el que compra asume que paga un sobreprecio y no se es consciente de una subida de 5 ó 10 céntimos.

3. Cambios radicales en el perfil del consumidor. A varios niveles:

a. Para empezar en el poder adquisitivo. El mismo ha subido sobremanera, y ya no estamos preocupados por ahorrarnos 10, 2 0ó 30 céntimos en un bien de primera necesidad.

b. Falta de tiempo. Cada día trabajamos más. Valoramos mucho nuestro tiempo libre y compramos mucho en tiendas de conveniencia. Por lo que no nos importa pagar un precio extra, a cambio de comodidad.

c. Refinamiento de la demanda. Antes, todos (quitando a los sibaritas) comprábamos la clásica barra de pan. Ahora no nos conformamos con la misma. Queremos la variedad de pan (integral, de semillas, chapata, etc) que nos gusta, aun pagando un sobreprecio monumental. A mayor refinamiento, por supuesto mayor insensibilidad al precio.

Por supuesto todo tiene un límite. El día que suba la barra de pan a 2€, no iremos a la calle (¡que tenemos poco tiempo libre!), sino que buscaremos algún sucedáneo. En verdad que España y los españoles han cambiado y aceptamos desenfrenos como el del pan…

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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Posted on 19 November 2007 in Pricing, Nuevas Tendencias | Permalink | Comments (8)

   October 14, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

In a superb paper published in Harvard Business School, Leonard M. Lodish and Carl F. Mela raise and answer this question.

Here is a summary of the main points:

From 2003 to 2005 private labels grew at a staggering 13%. Furthermore, price premiums have eroded and margins
are following suit. Consumers are 50% more price sensitive.

In recent surveys of consumer good managers, seven out of ten cited pricing pressure and shoppers´declining loyalty as their primary concerns.

PRICE REDUCTION.jpg

Companies are paying too much attention to short-term data and not enough to the long-term health of the brands. They routinely overinvest in price promotions and underinvest in advertising, new product development and new forms of distribution.

Three main factors to be blamed for this short-term orientation:

1. Abundance of real time sales data that make short-term promotional effects more apparent, thus pushing manufacturers to overdiscount
2. A corresponding dearth of long-term investments in brand equity, new products and distribution
3. Short-term tenure of brand managers

The abundance of real time sales data is leading to misjudge the impact that promotions have in the baseline. The real effect in the long-term is negative, in spite of boosting sales in the short-term. The result is that from 1978 to 2001 trade promotion investment increased from 33% to 61% of firms´markeitng budget, while advertising dropped from 40% to 24%.

Three effects caused by promotions are usually ignored:
1. Changes in consumer behavior. They make consumers more promotion oriented and make them stockpile.
2. Promotions tend to make brands less differentiated and more price sensitive in the medium and long-term.
3. Competition is to respond, reducing the total turnover of the market.

NIKE AD.gif

On the other hand, studies suggest that:

1. Advertising has positive effects in the mid and long-term
2. Increased product-line variety and distribution in leading retailers reduce consumers´sensitivity to price
Therefore, the company as a whole and the brand managers in particular, are advised to refocus on the long-term approach and avoid quick but destructive effects.

So far, so good. However, many difficulties may arise when implementing this. For all of us that work in multinationals, we hold a great pressure to achieve quarter results. This is the case even when the company has a mid and long-term focus, for the stockholders and stock analysts are short-term and quarterly oriented.

Thus a balance is required. We cannot lose out of sight that we are building brands for the mid and long-terms, but need to look for ways to gain the confidence and support of the people that ultimately judge our performance: The stockholders and stock analysts.

What do you think? Is it really possible to build premium brands spite of the short-term pressure?

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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Posted on 14 October 2007 in Pricing, International Marketing, Branding | Permalink | Comments (0)

   September 18, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

Seguro que habéis visto un anuncio de García Carrión en el que compara sus zumos naturales con los de Pascual. Para mí es una obra de arte en la historia de la publicidad española, en la medida en la que es uno de los pocos ejemplos que tenemos en España de Publicidad Comparativa.

Publicidad que siendo legal, apenas se utiliza en España. La ley de Publicidad establece que la publicidad comparativa es legal, siempre que se base en atributos objetivamente comparables. Pero la realidad dice que en nuestro país nos da miedo embarcarnos en la misma, bien por motivos culturales, bien por temor a que nos retiren el anuncio e incluso nos penalicen.

zumos1.jpg

Los casos como digo son muy escasos. De memoria recuerdo el de Frutopia en su momento, que abrió la brecha y de cierre este último de García Carríón.. También podemos encontrar otros que insinúan la comparativa, como es el caso de Yoigo, pero que no la llegan a plasmar.

Para mi es un acierto este tipo de publicidad en la medida en la que va a informar mejor al cliente final, va a tener que basarse si o sí en hechos objetivos y, de hacerse con buen gusto, va a reforzar la credibilidad del anunciante. Así que ánimo desde aquí a la misma. Estoy seguro que os funcionará.

zumos2.jpg

Por cierto, si no habéis visto la campaña de Gª Carrión y Pascual daos prisa. Autocontrol ha atendido a la demanda de Pascual, y el anuncio se va a tener que retirar en breve. Eso sí, lo hará tras haber reforzado su posicionamiento como proveedor de zumos naturales.

Think Different!!!

Ignacio Gafo


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Posted on 18 September 2007 in ADVERTISING, Pricing | Permalink | Comments (1)

   September 09, 2007   


José Ignacio Gafo Gómez-Zamalloa

How would you feel if you get an exclusive and highly priced gadget, accept to make an 18 month commitment with a Telecom company, and then face, two months after the gadget has been launched, that it has a price cut of 33%? What would you do? What would be your perception about the brand of the gadget?

Well, this is exactly how the US customers that got the Apple iPhone till one week ago felt when they knew that gadget had a 200 US$ price cut. They have actually made such a big noise, that the Company decided to compensate them with 100 US$ upon request.

apple unbroken.jpg

I am pretty sure that Apple has good reasons for dropping the price by 33% (most likely sales far behind expectations and a huge overstock), but the point is that a great disappointment has been caused to the current iPhone customers and to the Apple brand.

Was Apple overoptimistic when launching the device? What could they have done different to avoid this situation? Is the 100 US$ pay back to the current customers reasonable and the best solution?

Launching a new product, specially if it is a new category for your company, is a great challenge full of uncertainty. However, situations like this have to be avoided by all means. They only lead to customer dissatisfaction and brand destruction.

apple broken.jpg


I enclose an article of the BBC explaining the price cut in detail.

Think Different!!! (but please be careful ;) ).

Ignacio Gafo


Apple in iPhone price cut apology (BBC News)

Apple chief executive Steve Jobs has offered compensation to customers who have already bought an iPhone - after the firm cut $200 (£99) off the price.
The company slashed the cost of the eight-gigabyte version of the phone - only available in the US - to $399.
But this earned the wrath of some customers who have paid full price since its launch two months ago.
Mr Jobs said the price cut was the right move - but offered those who had already bought it a $100 voucher.
"We want to do the right thing for our valued iPhone customers. We apologise for disappointing some of you, and we are doing our best to live up to your high expectations," Mr Jobs said.
For many the price cut slipped by unnoticed as the company unveiled a slew of new gadgets, including adding a touch-screen iPod to Apple's popular line of portable music players.
At the news conference, the firm also revealed that the four-gigabyte model of the iPhone was being dropped


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